Copiute test 2 fiscalitate - Vostricov Denis

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6. The Notion of a Taxation System. The Taxation System of the RM Part 1. The Concept of the Taxation System(TS) The TS - the totality of various types of taxes, the elaboration and calculation of which relies on certain principles. The TS of most countries developed throughout centuries under the influence of various economic, political, and social conditions. This is why it is natural that taxation systems of different countries vary in the types of taxes used, according to the structure of taxes, to their rates, methods of collection, fiscal authorities from various levels, according to the rate, magnitude and quantity of allowances offered, as well as other indices. Yet, all the countries follow some general principles, which allow the creation of optimal TSs. Since the TS of the RM was built following the framework of developed countries, it is necessary to make a review of these countries’ taxation systems of. The existing taxation system of developed countries includes a large nr of taxes and its structure depends on the organization of the state. In unitary states the TS includes 2 elements: state and local taxes. In federal governments the taxation system includes three elements: state (federal) taxes, taxes related to the federation subjects (regional taxes), and local taxes. The main taxes, which result in the highest collections for the budget, are related to the state budget. They include the income tax, corporation profit tax, VAT, excises and customs duties. The international experience has proven that the highest level of taxes is collected through the income tax (from 25 to 45% of the state budget). This tax is collected by using progressive rates, determined through the method of complex progression. Systems of applying the income tax:1)The schedule system (or the English system). This taxation system involves taxation at the source of income not on the entire amount but on parts of the income. 2)The global system, which represents an income tax, applied to the entire income of the taxpayer. For the income tax there is an untaxed minimum, i.e. a part of the taxpayers’ income is not taxed. In the beginning, a large number of citizens did not pay this tax because the untaxed minimum was set at a very high level. And also, right after the war, very high tax rates were established (in USA the maximum rate reached 91%). This is related to the constant rise in tax allowances and to the decrease of profit tax rates. The main tax allowances applied to corporation profits are the fast track depreciation, charity expenditures deductions, scientific research expenditures and capital investments. VAT is used in all countries of the EU, as well as in Norway, Israel and a few other countries. VAT is not implemented in the USA. This tax constitutes 30 to 50% of all the indirect taxes. After the World War II, the share of customs duties decreased significantly due to the GATT and WTO.